Selasa, 19 Maret 2013

NOUN CLAUSE 2



A clause is a group of words that contain a subject and a verb.  Clauses can take the place of different parts of speech. For instance, you are probably familiar with adjective clauses.
The man, who looked sleepy, sat down.
Who looked sleepy is an adjective clause.  It is taking the place of  an adjective.  An adjective is used to describe nouns and so do adjective clauses.
We could re-write the sentence with an adjective.
The sleepy man sat down.
Similarly, a noun clause can take the place of a noun.  This lesson will explain noun clauses, give examples of noun clauses, and then provide several quizzes to practice forming noun clauses

:

According to type of the sentence, Noun Clause is devided into 4 categories :
Statement (pernyataan)
Question (pertanyaan)
Request (permintaan)
Exclamation (seruan).
Introduce :

1. Statement

a. Conjunction which is used is : “that”

b. The function of this clause is :

1) Subject in sentence
Kangaroo lives in Australia (statement)
That Kangaroo lives is Australia is well known to all (Noun Clause)

2) Subject in sentence after “it”
It is well known to all that Kangaroo lives in Australia

3) co-object
My conclusion is that Kangaroo lives in Australia

 4) Objek Kata Kerja
All people understand well that Kangaroo lives in Australia

5) Apositif
My conclusion that Kangaroo lives is Australia is correct.

2. Question

A. Yes/No Question


a. Conjunction which is used is : “whether (or not/or if)

b. the function of this clause is :

1)Subject in sentence
Can she drive the car? (Question)
Whether she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether or not she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether she can drive the car or not doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether or if she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)

2) co-object
My question is whether she can drive the car.

3) Object Verbs

I really wonder whether she can drive the car (or not).

4) preposition object
We discussed about whether she can drive the car.

B. Wh- Question

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya itu sendiri"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) subject sentence
What is he doing? (Question)
What she is doing doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
2) Complementary object
My question is what she is doing.
3) Object verb
I really wonder what she is doing.
4) preposition object
We discussed about what she is doing.

Note :

Posisi kembali normal, tidak seperti posisi sebuah pertanyaan normal.

3. Request

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Objek Kata Kerja
Read the book! (Request)
He suggested that I read the book. (Noun Clause)
Catatan:

Tanda seru hilang.

4. Exclamation

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya yang dipakai pada kalimat itu sendiri"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Objek Kata Kerja
What a pretty girl she is? (Exclamation)
I never realize what a pretty girl she is. (Noun Clause)
2) Objek Kata Depan
We are talking about what a pretty girl she is.
Catatan Tambahan:
Noun Clause dengan "that" digunakan sebagai subjek dari suatu kalimat hanya dengan kata kerja tertentu. Dan kata kerja (verb) yang penting adalah linking verb, khususnya BE.
Noun Clause dengan "that" sering menjadi objek dari verb (kata kerja), beberapa verb berikut ini biasanya mempunyai subjek yang menunjukkan manusia. Kata-kata tersebut terutama sekali adalah verb yang digunakan dalam Indirect Speech Berta verb yang menyatakan kegiatan mental.
Kata Kerja Kalimat Tak Langsung

Admit, agree, allege, announce, argue, assert, assure, declare, aver, boast, claim, complain, confess, convince, deny, disagree, explain, foretell, hint, inform, insist, maintain, notify, persuade, pray, predict, proclaim, promise, relate, remark, remind, report, say, state, swear, teach, tell, threaten, warn

Kata Kerja Aktivitas Mental

Ascertain, assume, believe, calculate, care (untuk kalimat negative atau interrogative), conceive, conclude, consider, convince, decide, discover, doubt, dream, expect, fancy, feel, find out, forget, grant, guess, hear, hold (pendapat), hope, imagine, indicate, know, judge, learn, mean, mind (untuk kalimat negative atau interrogative), notice, perceive, presume, pretend, prove, question, realize, recall, reckon, recollect, reflect, regret, rejoice, remember, reveal, see, show, suppose, surmise, think, trust, understand, wish

Contoh:
Alex thinks that Mary is ill.
Bob told me that he had finished breakfast.
Henry says that Jack is very busy.
He insists that there is a mistake.
He complained to his friend that his wife couldn't cook.
Dalam percakapan yang tidak resmi (informal) "that" sering dihilangkan dari objek Clause jika artinya (maksudnya) sudah jelas dapat dimengerti tanpa adanya "that".
Contoh:
I am sorry (that) I couldn't meet you at the station.
He says (that) they plan to come to the dance.
We thought (that) you had already left for abroad.
The reason we returned so early is, (that) one of the children got sick.
Noun Clause dari question (pertanyaan) yang terletak sesudah verb yang memerlukan 2 objek mungkin berfungsi sebagai salah satu atau kedua objek dari verb tersebut.
Contoh:
Give the man (Indirect Object) what is in this envelope (Direct Object)
Give what is in the envelope to the man.
Noun Clause dari pertanyaan mungkin diawali dengan kata-kata tanya yang berfungsi sebagai: Pronouns, Adjectives, atau Adverbs. Kata-kata yang dipakai adalah: Pronoun = who (ever), what (ever(, which. (ever), Adjective = whose, what (ever), which (ever), Adverb = how (ever), when (ever), where (ever), why.
Contoh:
We don't know who will be coming from the employment agency. (who adalah subjek dari will be coming)
We don't know whom the employment agency will send. (whom adalah objek dari will send)
We will ask whoever comes from the employment agency. (whoever adalah subjek dari comes)
We will ask whomever the employment agency sends. (whomever adalah objek dari sends)
Dalam Noun Clause dari pertanyaan, subjek dan verb mempunyai susunan yang umum, yakni terletak sesudah introductory word.
Noun Clause dari permintaan dimulai dengan that- Clause ini paling sering merupakan objek dari verb yang menyatakan permintaan, saran, atau keinginan dan sebagainya.
Contoh:
He is requesting that a company car be placed at his disposal.
The doctor recommended that he take a vacation.
It was suggested that she leave immediately.
It was proposed that the meeting be adjourned.
Kadang-kadang "that" yang merupakan kata permulaan Clause dapat digantikan dengan susunan infinitive setelah kata-kata kerja yang menunjukkan permintaan seperti advise, ask, beg, command, desire, forbid, order, request, require, argue.
Subjek dari that-Clause sering dalam bentuk passive dari verbs of requesting dengan susunan anticipatory it.

CONTOH KALIMAT NOUN CLAUSE :
1) Bob told me that he had finished breakfast
2) How he becomes so rich makes people curious
3) The t-shirt your brother is wearing is made in bandung
4) All he said was nonsense
5) What you want is what we’ve got
6) Anything you say won’t make any difference
7) The answers I write here may solve your problem
8) Pay careful attention to what I am going to say
9) I do not understand how all it happened
10) I often wonder how you are getting on with him

NOUN CLAUSE


Introduction
A clause is a group of words that contain a subject and a verb.  Clauses can take the place of different parts of speech. For instance, you are probably familiar with adjective clauses.
The man, who looked sleepy, sat down.
Who looked sleepy is an adjective clause.  It is taking the place of  an adjective.  An adjective is used to describe nouns and so do adjective clauses.
We could re-write the sentence with an adjective.
The sleepy man sat down.
Similarly, a noun clause can take the place of a noun.  This lesson will explain noun clauses, give examples of noun clauses, and then provide several quizzes to practice forming noun clauses

Noun Clauses - Explanations & Examples
There are three basic types of noun clauses.  These types are 1) noun clauses that start with a question word (where, how, who, when, why), 2) noun clauses that start with whether or if, and 3) noun clauses that start with that.
 
1. Noun Clauses that Start with a Question
Noun clauses that start with a question are usually used to answer a question.  The following examples should better explain this. 
·          Where does Sarik live?
I don't know where Sarik lives. "where Sarik lives" is a noun clause.  We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following. I don't know Sarik's address.  The noun phrase, Sarik's address, replaces with the noun clause, where Sarik lives.      
·         What time is it?
I don't know what time it is. "what time it is" is a noun clause.  We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following. I don't know the time.  In this case, the noun phrase, the time, replaces the noun clause, what time it is.  
2.  Noun Clauses that Start with Whether or If
Noun clauses that start with whether or if are used to answer yes/no type questions.  Whether and if are usually interchangeable.  The following examples should better explain this.
  
·         Does Judy own a Honda?
I don't know if Judy owns a Honda. "if Judy owns a Honda" is a noun clause.  We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following. I don't know the answer.  In this case, the noun phrase, the answer, replaces the noun clause, if Judy owns a Honda.    
·         Will Sadine be at work on Friday?
I don't know whether Sadine will be at work on Friday. "whether Sadine will be at work on Friday" is a noun clause.  We could answer this question without a noun clause by saying the following. I don't know the answer.  In this case, the noun phrase, the answer, replaces the noun clause, whether Sadine will be at work on Friday.
3.  Noun Clauses that Start with That.
Noun clauses that start with that are used to answer questions in which person who is answering is thinking, giving an opinion, or using a mental activity verb.  The following examples should better explain this. 
·         Is Dr. Elimelech a good instructor?
I think that Dr. Elimelech is a good instructor. "that Dr. Elimelech is a good instructor" is a noun clause.  This noun clause could be omitted by saying the following. I think so.    
·         Do you know the location of an ATM?

Sabtu, 16 Maret 2013

causes



Global Warming is caused by many things. The causes are split up into two groups, man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes.

Natural Causes
Natural causes are causes created by nature. One natural cause is a release of methane gas from arctic tundra and wetlands. Methane is a greenhouse gas. A greenhouse gas is a gas that traps heat in the earth's atmosphere. Another natural cause is that the earth goes through a cycle of climate change. This climate change usually lasts about 40,000 years.

Man-made Causes
Man-made causes probably do the most damage. There are many man-made causes. Pollution is one of the biggest man-made problems. Pollution comes in many shapes and sizes. Burning fossil fuels is one thing that causes pollution. Fossil fuels are fuels made of organic matter such as coal, or oil. When fossil fuels are burned they give off a green house gas called CO2. Also mining coal and oil allows methane to escape. How does it escape? Methane is naturally in the ground. When coal or oil is mined you have to dig up the earth a little. When you dig up the fossil fuels you dig up the methane as well.

Another major man-made cause of Global Warming is population. More people means more food, and more methods of transportation, right? That means more methane because there will be more burning of fossil fuels, and more agriculture. Now your probably thinking, "Wait a minute, you said agriculture is going to be damaged by Global Warming, but now you're saying agriculture is going to help cause Global Warming?" Well, have you ever been in a barn filled with animals and you smell something terrible? You're smelling methane. Another source of methane is manure. Because more food is needed we have to raise food. Animals like cows are a source of food which means more manure and methane. Another problem with the increasing population is transportation. More people means more cars, and more cars means more pollution. Also, many people have more than one car.
Since CO2 contributes to global warming, the increase in population makes the problem worse because we breathe out CO2. Also, the trees that convert our CO2 to oxygen are being demolished because we're using the land that we cut the trees down from as property for our homes and buildings. We are not replacing the trees (an important part of our eco system), so we are constantly taking advantage of our natural resources and giving nothing back in return.





 

Facts about Global Warming You Should Know


Global warming is not a 20th century phenomenon. It has, in fact, occurred in the past more than once, along with periods of extreme cold known as the ice ages. With so much written and reported about global warming, sometimes it's difficult to detect which is fact and which is just part of scientific scare tactics. Here are some facts about global warming that might help:

What exactly is global warming? Global warming is basically the increase in the temperatures of the Earth's atmosphere, land masses and oceans. The Earth's surface temperature is at an average of 59F and over the last hundred years, this figure has risen to about 1F. By the year 2100, the average change in the temperature of the Earth could range from 2.5F to about 10F, enough to melt glaciers and polar ice caps.

The cause of global warming Global warming has and will always occur naturally. Why it has become such a concern in our lifetime is due to the fact that human activities and practices have contributed significantly to its occurrence and severity. With the advent of industrialization and careless environmental practices, we have caused the increase in the average global temperatures by contributing negatively to the greenhouse effect.

This began about 240 years ago, when the Industrial Revolution was born. As more and more fossil fuels in the form of oil were mined and burned, gases as the by-product of that process began to be released in the atmosphere. Currently, it is estimated that 75% of the increase in the carbon dioxide content of the Earth's atmosphere is caused by the burning of these fossil fuels.

Global warming and the greenhouse effect Global warming is related to changes in the Earth's greenhouse effect. Gases naturally occur in the Earth's atmosphere and act both to protect and retain heat. These gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapor. Of these, water vapor is the most dominant and abundant greenhouse gas.

Global warming and the greenhouse effect are not the same thing. The greenhouse effect refers to a natural process that occurs in the Earth's atmosphere. If this process is disrupted, then it could contribute to global warming.

As the sun's rays hit the Earth, heat is bounced back to the atmosphere where these gases contain the heat and keep it there to warm the planet. This is an important natural process and allows life forms to flourish and survive. Problems only occur when these gases multiply and build-up, containing heat too efficiently and thus warming the Earth's atmosphere.

As the Earth's average temperature rises, effects in its landmasses and sea water level become apparent. Polar ice caps melt along with glaciers, contributing to higher and warmer sea levels. By the end of the century, it is estimated that sea levels can increase from 4 inches to a high of about 40 inches if global warming continues unabated.

Global warming can also affect the behavior of the winds and can also contribute to a harsher and drier climate, with frequent visitings of strong hurricanes. Water from heavier rainfall will not stay long to irrigate the land, however because with a warmer climate, water on the Earth's surface will evaporate quickly. This has a significant effect on agricultural practices not only in the US but also for the rest of the world.

Another phenomenon that is equated with global warming is the El Nino. The El Nino phenomenon has occurred for possibly thousands of years and is not caused directly by global warming. However, changes in the average temperature of the planet can contribute to its severity and frequency.

Other human practices that contribute to global warming The agricultural revolution has also contributed to global warming. As more and more communities need lands converted from forests to residential and commercial areas, biomass is reduced, contributing to the increase in the presence of carbon dioxide in those regions. Since carbon dioxide is processed by plants and trees, their absence contributes to its increase.

It is estimated that about 25% of the annual increase in the carbon dioxide found in the Earth's atmosphere is caused by extreme changes and usage of the Earth's natural resources. Other practices also include deforestation, salinization, desertification and overgrazing also contribute to global warming. However, many scientists surmise and agree that the contribution is slight and indirect.

Facing the facts of global warming Countries all over the world have just begun to acknowledge the negative effects of global warming not only to the world's politics and economy but also to humankind in general. Many of the world's governments have encouraged implementation of measures to try to counteract the problem of global warming through careful measures and practices designed to protect and respect the environment.

How these measures will fare and contribute to the long-term maintenance of our planet, though, remains to be seen.



global warming


The global warming controversy concerns the debate over the existence of global warming, its causes and effects, and what (if any) actions should be taken. In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused primarily by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view,though a few organizations hold non-committal positions.[6][dead link] Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are now more prevalent in the popular media than in the scientific literature, where such issues are treated as resolved, and more in the United States than globally.
Primary issues concerning the existence and cause of climate change include the reasons for the increase in global average air temperature, whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is wholly or partially an artifact of poor measurements. Scientists have resolved many of these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing, that human activity is the primary cause, and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years. Additional disputes have concerned estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), projections of continued warming in response to the existing build up of greenhouse gases plus future emissions, and what the consequences of global warming will be. Although the primary issues are regarded in the scientific literature as settled, these additional disputes are still the subject of mainstream scientific debate.
Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate, sometimes split along party political lines, especially in the United States. Many of the largely settled scientific issues, such as the human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them – an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial. The sources of funding for those involved with climate science – both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions – have been questioned by both sides. There are debates about the best policy responses to the science, their cost-effectiveness and their urgency. Climate scientists, especially in the US, have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications. Legal cases regarding global warming, its effects, and measures to reduce it, have reached American courts. The fossil fuels lobby, oil industry advocates and free market think tanks have often been accused of overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming.